Treatment of Substance Use Disorders Overdose Prevention

Early childhood trauma also increases a person’s risk, as does starting to use substances before the age of 14 and/or having Living in a Sober House: Fundamental Rules a mental health condition like depression or anxiety. Many people with SUD often find they have at least one of these risk factors. Even with well-established support groups in recovery, some challenges may test individuals in ways support groups can’t help with.

• The National Recovery Month webpage provides a host of resources that can be used to help promote the observance.
• Healthcare professionals may use other medications short-term to manage withdrawal from alcohol but acamprosate, disulfiram, and naltrexone are typically taken for longer periods of time and often in combination with counseling, other behavioral therapies, and recovery supports.
• One widely used model can be summed up in the acronym CHIME, identifying the key ingredients of recovery.
• Behavioral therapies can also enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people remain in treatment longer.

Breaking Down the Stigma of Addiction: A Witness’ Story Through Art

Saying a mantra, substituting thoughts of recovery goals, praying, reading something recovery-related, reaching out to someone supportive—all are useful tactics. Cravings diminish and disappear in time unless attention is focused on them. Negotiating with oneself for a delay of use, which doesn’t deny the possibility of future use, and then getting busy with something else, capitalizes on the knowledge that cravings dissipate in about 15 https://appsychology.com/living-in-a-sober-house/ minutes.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) avoids the terms addiction and recovery. Sustained remission is applied when, after 12 months or more, a substance is no longer used and no longer produces negative life consequences. What is needed is any type of care or program that facilitates not merely a drug-free life but the pursuit of new goals and new relationships. There are many roads to recovery, and needs vary from individual to the next. Others do well on their own making use of available community resources.

The shifts in thinking and behavior are critical because they lay the groundwork for changes in brain circuity that gradually help restore self-control and restore the capacity to respond to normal rewards. Brains are plastic—they adapt to experience—and people can change and grow, develop an array of strategies for coping with life’s challenges and stressors, find new means of satisfaction and reward, and negotiate life ahead. Millions of people do, whether they were once compulsive users of opiates, alcohol, or gambling.

SAMHSA’s National Helpline

Another vital element of care during recovery is relapse prevention—learning specific strategies for dealing with cravings, stress, setbacks, difficult situations, and other predictable challenges. For starters, family members need to learn what the risk factors for addiction are and the internal and external struggles an individual faces in recovering from addiction, and they need to understand their own complex emotional reactions to the entire experience. Because recovery involves growth, families need to learn and practice new patterns of interaction. Cravings are the intense desire for alcohol or drugs given formidable force by neural circuitry honed over time into single-minded pursuit of the outsize neurochemical reward such substances deliver.

What are the principles of effective treatment?

While every individual is different, SUDs often involve a complex interaction of genetics, biology, and environmental factors. For example, 50 percent of the risk of developing SUD is based on genetics, which can lead to SUDs occurring within families. Support for addiction recovery includes inpatient and outpatient treatment programs, which offer structured care and flexibility, respectively.

Some of the most helpful strategies for dealing with cravings are summarized in the acronym DEADS. While relapse is a normal part of recovery, for some drugs, it can be very dangerous—even deadly. If a person uses as much of the drug as they did before quitting, they can easily overdose because their bodies are no longer adapted to their previous level of drug exposure. An overdose happens when the person uses enough of a drug to produce uncomfortable feelings, life-threatening symptoms, or death. The chronic nature of addiction means that for some people relapse, or a return to drug use after an attempt to stop, can be part of the process, but newer treatments are designed to help with relapse prevention. Relapse rates for drug use are similar to rates for other chronic medical illnesses.

Abstinence rates may be higher in samples where individuals identify as ‘in recovery’ (Kelly et al., 2018) as well as those recruited mostly through treatment-oriented organizations, as was the case in the What is Recovery Study (Subbaraman and Witbrodt, 2014). Once a SUD has been diagnosed, there are several treatment options to consider, including the setting in which to receive care. For example, some people will do well with treatment from their primary care provider while others may need more intensive treatment in a specialty SUD treatment facility. The specific combination of treatments and settings for care should be based on the individual’s needs and may change over time as the person responds to treatment.

In fact, people in recovery might be better off if the term “relapse” were abandoned altogether and “recurrence” substituted, because it is more consistent with the process and less stigmatizing. There are some friends who are better left behind—those who are linked to the addictive experience. People in the throes of addiction are not capable of the best form of friendship.

A subset of individuals—mostly those with lower SUD severity—resolve their substance use problem (Kelly et al., 2017) and experience improved health and well-being despite ongoing substance use (Stea et al., 2015, Witkiewitz and Tucker, 2020). Such ongoing substance use may mean moderating use of a primary problem substance or abstaining from one or more substances while continuing the use of others (e.g., abstaining from opioids while consuming cannabis). Life skills training equips individuals with practical abilities to navigate daily challenges, reducing the risk of relapse. Skills like stress management, effective communication, and problem-solving promote emotional stability, while time management and conflict resolution support healthier interpersonal relationships. Learning healthy routines, job skills, and financial management empowers individuals to rebuild a balanced, sustainable lifestyle, which can be critical for long-term recovery success. Other research pinpoints the values of cognitive behavioral therapy for relapse prevention, as it helps people change negative thinking patterns and develop good coping skills.

• Families can develop awareness of a loved one’s emotional, environmental, and social triggers of substance use and manage those.
• DYC has been the specialist in adolescent and young adult drug dependency since 1970, giving young people a program that is tailored to their needs and relevant to the moment.
• It is often a long and bumpy path, and relapse is nearly inevitable—but that doesn’t spell the end of recovery.
• Prevention and crisis resources for you or your loved ones.Call or text 988.
• We defined age of initiation of regular substance use as the age at which participants started regularly using any substance.

. Associations between substance use status and current indices of well-being

One of these challenges people may face in long-term recovery is Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS). A person with PAWS can experience psychological withdrawal symptoms that can last for months and even years after stopping drug use.19 Thus, addressing these symptoms can significantly improve a person’s chances of long-term recovery if they experience PAWS. There is hard data showing that the changes to the brain’s neurotransmitters and neural circuits that turn repeated substance use into addiction can be reversed after cessation of drug use, even in the case of addiction to methamphetamine. That is because the brain is plastic and changes in response to experience—the capacity that underlies all learning. In one set of studies looking at some measures of dopamine system function, activity returned to normal levels after 14 months of abstinence.

Because addiction can affect so many aspects of a person’s life, treatment should address the needs of the whole person to be successful. Counselors may select from a menu of services that meet the specific medical, mental, social, occupational, family, and legal needs of their patients to help in their recovery. Behavioral therapies help people in drug addiction treatment modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use. As a result, patients are able to handle stressful situations and various triggers that might cause another relapse. Behavioral therapies can also enhance the effectiveness of medications and help people remain in treatment longer.

Treatment enables people to counteract addiction’s disruptive effects on their brain and behavior and regain control of their lives. SAMHSA envisions that people with, affected by, or at risk for mental health and substance use conditions receive care, achieve well-being, and thrive. Relapse is not a failure and should be viewed as a learning opportunity — one that helps people refine their coping strategies and recovery plans. Addiction is a chronic condition, and studies show that relapse rates are similar for other chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Behavioral change is a key component of recovery because managing addiction is a continuous process, not a one-time intervention. The Transtheoretical Stages of Change Model helps illustrate how people with addiction progress through different stages of behavioral change during recovery, from not recognizing the problem to actively maintaining sobriety.

Psychological distress

Many definitions of recovery include not only the return to personal health but participation in the roles and responsibilities of society. There are no lab tests that define recovery and no universally agreed-on definition of recovery. For many experts, the key components of addictive disorder are compulsive drug use that continues despite detrimental consequences, and the development of cravings with the inability to control use.

Suicide & Crisis Lifeline

Experts believe that tackling the emotional residue of addiction—the guilt and shame—is fundamental to building a healthy life. It’s not possible to undo the damage that was done, but it is possible to build new sources of self-respect by acknowledging past harms, repairing relationships, and maintaining the commitment to recovery. People can learn to resist or outsmart the cravings until they become manageable. There are strategies of distraction and action people can learn to keep them from interrupting recovery. Another is to carefully plan days so that they are filled with healthy, absorbing activities that give little time for rumination to run wild. Exercise, listening to music, getting sufficient rest—all can have a role in taking the focus off cravings.